Fusarium solani Upregulated Sesquiterpene Synthase Expression,Sesquiterpene Production and Allelopathic Activity in Piper betle L.

Activators of sesquiterpene synthase (STS) gene expression and sesquiterpene production in Piper betle L. were examined using quantitative real time PCR and gas chromatography mass spectrometry methods, and the allelopathic activity of untreated and Fusarium solani-treated betel extracts was tested on seed germination and on the shoot and root growth of Thai rice variety PSL2 (Oryza sativa cv. Phitsanulok 2) and three dominant paddy weeds (Eclipta prostrata, Echinochloa crus-galli and Chloris barbata). The results demonstrated that F. solani dramatically upregulated STS expression and productions of β-cubebene, β-caryophyllene and germacrene D sesquiterpene when compared with the untreated control, and that betel extracts had a greater inhibitory effect on weeds than on rice. The effects were more clearly detected on seed germination and root growth than on shoot growth, and they were found to be dose-dependent. It is also noted that F. solani-treated extract had stronger effects than the untreated extract. The species most sensitive to the allelopathic effects was C. barbata, germination of which was completely inhibited even at a dose of 0.1 mg/mL untreated extract. With regards to rice, although betel extract at 1.0 mg/mL showed no inhibition on germination, it affected the elongation of rice roots, in addition to those of the tested weeds. The obtained data suggested that F. solani has potential as an activator of sesquiterpene allelochemical production via STS expression, the latter leading to the treated betel extract having a stronger phytotoxic effect. These results were beneficial in the promotion of natural herbicide production using biotechnology.     

不同栽培模式下水稻各生育期光合生理指标的比较研究

为明确膜下滴灌与常规水作栽培的光合生理差异。通过对膜下滴灌和淹灌2种栽培模式下,4个水稻品系(T-04、T-43、T-66、T-69)在分蘖、孕穗、抽穗、乳熟、蜡熟期倒一叶的光合色素含量、光合-叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性以及渗透调节物质含量等光合生理指标的测定分析。结果表明:滴灌模式下,4个参试材料在5个关键生育期的蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、光合速率(Pn)均低于淹灌,胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)总体上略低于淹灌,大部分时期差异不显著(P0.05);叶绿素荧光参数、光系统Ⅱ有效量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、最大荧光(Fm)、暗适应光系统Ⅱ最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)总体上低于淹灌,大部分时期差异不显著,最小荧光(Fo)高于淹灌,荧光淬灭系数(q P、NPQ)在2种栽培模式下差异不大,叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体上低于淹灌,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在2种栽培模式下差异不显著,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量总体上高于淹灌,可溶性蛋白(SP)含量总体上低于淹灌,可溶性糖(SS)含量差异不显著。水稻膜下滴灌栽培整个生育期均无水层覆盖,可能受到水分胁迫,导致其整个生育期大部分光合生理指标均低于淹灌。     

稻麦两熟制条件下钵苗机插方式对不同类型水稻品种米质的影响

为探明钵苗机插方式在稻麦两熟地区对水稻米质性状的影响及其品种类型间差异,本文以常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和籼粳交水稻为材料,比较了钵苗机插、毯苗机插和机械直播3种种植方式在稻麦两熟制高产栽培条件下的稻米加工品质、外观品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质特性变化及其品种类型间差异。结果表明,钵苗机插的整精米率比毯苗机插和机械直播分别提高1.6%和4.9%(P0.05),整精米产量分别提高7.8%和25.9%(P0.05),改善了稻米加工品质;与毯苗机插和机械直播相比,钵苗机插的稻米垩白米率、垩白面积和垩白度显著增加,对稻米外观品质有不利影响,但钵苗机插精米蛋白质含量较高,有利于稻米营养品质的改良,其精米蛋白质产量分别比毯苗机插和机械直播提高8.7%和28.0%;3种种植方式相比,钵苗机插稻米蒸煮食味品质表现出一定程度的变优趋势,其中,稻米直链淀粉含量、消减值和糊化温度呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势,胶稠度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势;食味值于种植方式间无显著差异,呈籼粳交水稻和常规粳稻钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播,杂交籼稻毯苗机插钵苗机插机械直播的趋势。由此得出,钵苗机插不仅能增加稻谷产量,还能改善部分稻米品质特征,是稻麦两熟地区实现高产高效优质协调水稻生产的潜力型机械化种植方式。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术创建OsCOL9水稻突变体

CRISPR/Cas9系统可对植物的内源基因进行有效定点编辑,为作物的遗传育种提供了新的方向。以感病水稻品种丽江为材料,抗病基因OsCOL9为靶基因,探索该系统对水稻内源基因定点编辑效率以及获得有研究意义的突变体。OsCOL9基因CDS序列全长1 266 bp,编码一个422 aa蛋白,分子量大小约为45.6 k Da,蛋白质结构的N端含有B-box结构域,C端含有CCT(CONSTANS、CONSTANS-Like、TOC1)结构域。设计4个长20 nt的guide RNAs(gRNAs)靶点,靶向编辑OsCOL9基因的CDS起始区域以及外显子的末端,分别由U3、U6a、U6b以及U6c启动子驱动,提取T1转基因植株的基因组DNA并对编辑位点附近的DNA片段进行序列分析。结果表明,T1材料中OsCOL9的碱基缺失数最多可达59 bp,突变次数最多可达11次,取得较好的基因编辑效果。同时本试验出现了脱靶效应,因此着重探讨了降低脱靶效应的方法。由于CRISPR/Cas9系统在进行基因编辑时没有外源基因的导入,加上该技术的快捷、简便,对生物技术与传统育种的结合具有重要实践意义。     

水稻根系育种研究进展

水稻（Oryza sativa L.）根系对水稻的生长发育及产量形成具有至关重要的作用。根据目前水稻根系育种的研究现状，分析了水稻根系育种对提高产量、改变形态特征和生理特性的重要性，并对其研究前景进行了分析和展望。     

利用分子标记辅助选择改良春恢350稻瘟病抗性

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pigm(t)抗谱广、抗性强。春恢350是超级早稻春光1号的恢复系,该恢复系配合力强,丰产性好,但不抗稻瘟病。本研究以携带抗稻瘟病基因Pigm的谷梅4号为抗源,以春恢350为轮回受体亲本,在回交选育过程中,通过表形筛选与分子标记辅助选择相结合,将Pigm(t)基因导入到春恢350中,获得3个带有目标基因的改良恢复系纯合株系。以江西近年来具有代表性的20个菌株对这3份材料进行抗性鉴定,其抗性频率为85%~100%,而原始对照春恢350的抗性频率仅为5%,表明抗性基因已成功导入春恢350中并表达;并用不育系江农早4号A与改良的春恢350测配,其杂种一代田间表现优势强,抗性强。     

我国水稻生产技术经济评价研究综述

为了明确水稻生产技术的经济特征,推动生产技术应用研究的深入。该研究从水稻生产技术经济评价内容、评价方法等方面对水稻生产技术经济评价的研究成果进行综述,以期为水稻生产技术改进提供重要依据,为促进农民增收和保障国家粮食安全作出贡献。     

云南传统水稻品种W axy基因多样性形成和维持机制初探

本研究针对W axy基因第四外显子和第五外显子的3个功能位点开发了新的AS-PCR标记，完善了W axy基因的分子标记体系，为更精确的鉴定和筛选目标W axy等位基因提供了工具。直链淀粉含量测定和AS-PCR分析结果显示，云南传统水稻品种具有极为丰富的W axy基因多样性和直链淀粉含量变异，308个传统品种中共检测到65种不同的W axy单倍型，直链淀粉含量变幅为0~48%。In1、E6、E10和E4op/hp这4个位点的碱基频率在四大稻区间存在显著差异，E2位点和In1位点的碱基频率在不同民族间存在显著差异，表明不同稻作区、不同民族对水稻直链淀粉含量和W axy基因有着多样化的选择。同时民族混居地区E2和In1位点的碱基频率不同于其相应的民族独居地区，说明不同民族混居也会产生对W axy基因不同的选择并增加W axy基因的多样性。多样化的选择和民族混居是云南传统水稻品种W axy基因多样性形成和维持的重要机制。在云南四大稻作区中，南部边缘水陆稻区的W axy单倍型最为丰富，共检测到50种单倍型，占总数的77%，这一区域应被设为云南传统稻种资源的保护优先区和核心区。     

Dense planting with less basal nitrogen fertilization might benefit rice cropping for high yield with less environmental impacts

Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH₄ emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH₄ production and oxidation and CH₄ emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH₄ emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH₄ production with a smaller reduction in soil CH₄ oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions.     

淮安区水稻测土配方施肥配方校正与示范对比试验报告

为验证肥料配方的准确性,发挥配方肥料施用的最大效益。通过田间校验,示范对比测土配方施肥的增产效果,进一步验证并完善淮安区的肥料配方,优化测土配方施肥技术参数。